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18ĬD36, an 88 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, is a fatty acid translocase. 14–17 ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) are responsible for efflux of cholesterol in macrophages. Among them, CD36 belongs to SR-B and is particularly involved in internalizing oxLDL, leading to promote the cellular accumulation of cholesterol. Scavenger receptors are categorized into scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), SR-B, and others (including CD68). 13 Generally, scavenger receptors recognize modified LDL and bind with it. Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages is a result in the imbalance of cholesterol influx and efflux. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), known as a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis, is involved in cholesterol accumulation in macrophages by means of internalizing them into the cells through binding with scavenger receptors on the membrane, which subsequently develop into foam cells. The protein levels of vascular adhesion molecule and intercellular adhesion molecule at aorta were decreased and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB) protein level was also decreased in the aorta of apoE KO mice. 10–12 The mechanisms of action of HDMPPA for preventing atherosclerosis were involved in modulating the expressions of adhesion molecules and suppression of inflammatory molecule expressions. The serum cholesterol level increase was suppressed and intimal thickness of aorta was reduced in rabbits, and these effects were comparable to those of simvastatin, a hypocholesterolemic drug. 9 HDMPPA also revealed preventive and therapeutic properties in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. 7 HDMPPA demonstrated an antioxidant activity in vitro. 8 3-(4′-hydroxyl-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA), with a molecular weight 226 kDa, was isolated and identified as an active compound from the dichloromethane fraction of Korean cabbage kimchi. On the other hand, an antiviral effect of another product of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi has been reported.

This antivirus effect is believed to be attributable to the lactic acid of kimchi. Recently, antiviral effects of kimchi, particularly against severe acute respiratory syndrome, had drawn considerable attention. Health benefits of kimchi such as its antioxidant, 2 lipid-lowering, 3, 4 antitumor, 5 and antiatherogenic effects 6, 7 are well documented. Kimchi became a worldwide food due to its functional properties. The nutritional value of kimchi is considered high because kimchi is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. 1 Three hundred different kinds of kimchi are available in Korea. K imchi is a Korean fermented vegetable side dish made with vegetables and condiments such as red pepper, garlic, ginger, and onion. These findings will thus be useful for future prevention strategies against atherosclerosis. These results indicate that KME and HDMPPA may inhibit lipid accumulation, in part, by regulating cholesterol influx- and efflux-related proteins. Consequently, KME and HDMPPA suppressed lipid accumulation. In contrast, KME and HDMPPA augmented LXRα, PPARα, and ABCA1 expression, which are associated with cholesterol efflux. Moreover, KME and HDMPPA suppressed CD36 and PPARγ expressions, both of which participate in cholesterol influx. However, KME and HDMPPA significantly improved cell viability and inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by oxLDL in THP-1-derived macrophages ( P<.05).

OxLDL strongly induced cell death and lipid peroxidation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the protein expression of PPARγ, CD36, PPARα, LXRα, and ABCA1 was examined. The effects of KME and HDMPPA on cell viability and lipid peroxidation were determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of kimchi methanol extract (KME) and a kimchi active compound, 3-(4′-hydroxyl-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA) on cholesterol flux in THP-1-derived macrophages treated with oxLDL. Macrophage foam cell formation by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a key step in the progression of atherosclerosis, which is involved in cholesterol influx and efflux in macrophages mediated by related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CD36, PPARα, liver-X receptor α (LXRα), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1).